REFERENCES 1- Literature Cited in the Bacterial Adhesion Overview Bremer, P.J., G.G. Geesey, and B. Drake. 1992. Atomic force microscopy examination of the topography of a hydrated bacterial biofilm on a copper surface. Curr. Microbiol. 24:223-230. Boronina, T.N., I. Lagadic, G.B. Sergeev, and K.J. Klabunde. 1998. Activated and nonactivated forms of zinc powder: reactivity toward chlorocarbons in water and AFM studies of surface morphologies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(17):2614-2622. Bowen, W.R., N. Hilal, R.W. Lovitt, and C.J. Wright. 1998. Direct measurement of the force of adhesion of a single biological cell using an atomic force mciroscope. Coll. Surf. A Physico. Engr. Aspects 136:231-234. Camesano, T.A. and B.E. Logan. 1998a. Influence of fluid velocity and cell concentration on the transport of motile and non-motile bacteria in porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(11):1699-1708. Camesano, T.A. and B.E. Logan. 1998b. Correlating bacteria transport in porous media with adhesion forces. Poster Pres. NIEHS/EPA Superfund meeting, Berkeley, CA, October 26-27. Characklis, W.G. and K.C. Marshall. 1990. Biofilms. Wiley, New York. Doyle, R.J. and M. Rosenberg. 1990. Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Gad, M. and A. Ikai. 1995. Method for immobilizing microbial cells on gel surface for dynamic AFM studies. Biophys. J. 69:2226-2233. Glynn, J.R. Jr., B.M. Belongia, R.G. Arnold, K.L. Ogden, and J.C. Baygents. 1998. Capillary electrophoresis measurements of electrophoretic mobility for colloidal particles of biological interest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(7):2572-2577. Grantham, M.C. and P.M. Dove. 1996. Investigations of bacterial-mineral interactions using fluid taping mode atomic force microscopy. Geochim. et Cosmochim. 60(13):2473-2480. Gross, M.J. and B.E. Logan. 1995. Influence of different chemical treatments on transport of Alcaligenes paradoxus in porous media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(5):1750-1756. Johnson, W.P., M.J. Martin, M.J. Gross, and B.E. Logan. 1996. Facilitation of bacterial transport through porous media by changes in solution and surface properties. Colloids Surf. A 107:263-271. Jorden, C.E., and R.M. Corn. 1997. Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of electrostatic biopolymer adsorption onto chemically modified gold surfaces. Anal. Chem. 69:1449-1456. Jurker, B.A., A.J.B. Zehnder, and H. Harms. 1998. Quantification of polymer interactions in bacterial adhesion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(19):2909-2915. Milling, A. P. Mulvaney, and I. Larson. 1996. Direct measurement of repulsive van der Waals interactions using an atomic force microscope. J. Colloid Inter. Sci. 180:460-465. Richmond, D.V. and D.J. Fisher. 1973. The electrophoretic mobility of micro-organisms. Adv. Microbial Phys. 9:1-29. Roy, S.B. and D.A. Dzombak. 1997. Chemical factors influencing colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:656-664. Simoni, S.F, Harms, H., Bosma, T.N.P., and Zehnder, A.J.B. 1998. Population heterogeneity affects transport of bacteria through sand columns at low flow rates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:2100-2105. van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., Schraa, G. and Zehnder, A. J. B. 1987. Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53:1898-1901. van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Norde, W., Lyklema, J. and Zehnder, A. J. B. 1990. Hydrophobic and electrostatic parameters in bacterial adhesion. Aquatic Sci., 52:103-114. Wiesner, M.R., M.C. Grant, and S.R. Hutchins. 1996. Reduced permeability in groundwater remediation systems: role of mobilized colloids and injected chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:3184-3191. Yeung, D., A.Gill, C.H. Maule, and R.J. Davies. 1995. Detection and quantification of biomolecular interactions with optical biosensors. Trends Anal. Chem. 14(2):49-56. Zhu, X. and M. Elimelich. 1997. Colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis membranes: measurements and fouling mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12):3654-3662.   2. AFM Literature and Others Related to Bacterial Adhesion Biggs, S. Steric and bridging forces between surfaces bearing adsorbed polymer: An atomic force microscopy study. Langmuir 11 (1995) 156-162. Butt, H.-J., Kappl, M., Mueller, H., and R. Raiteri. Steric forces measured with the atomic force microscope at various temperatures. Langmuir 15 (1999) 2559-2565. de Gennes, P.G. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 27, 1987, 189-209. Drummond, C.J. and T.J. Senden. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem and Eng. Aspects. 87 (1994) 217-234. Frank, B.P. and G. Belfort. Intermolecular forces between extracellular polysaccharides measured using the atomic force microscope. Langmuir 13 (1999) 6234-6240. Haigler, B.E., Pettigrew, C.A., Spain, J.C. 1992. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 58:2237-2244. Haynes, C.A. and W. Norde. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2 (1994) 517-566. Heinz, W.F. and J.H. Hoh. Nanotechnology 17 (1999) 143-150. Hermansson, M. The DLVO theory in microbial adhesion. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 14 (1999) 105-119. Israelachvili, J.N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: London, 1992. Larson, I. And R.J. Pugh. Qualitative adsorption measurements with an atomic force microscope. Langmuir 14 (1998) 5676-5679. Ong, Y.-L., Razatos, A., Georgiou, G., and M.M. Sharma. Langmuir 15 (1999) 2719-2725. Razatos, A., Ong, Y.-L., Sharma, M.M., and G. Georgiou. J. Biomaterials Sci. Polymer Ed. 9 (1998) 1361-1373. Rijnaarts, H.H.M., Norde, W., Lyklema, J., and A.J.B. Zehnder. The isoeletric point of bacteria as an indicator for the presence of cell surface polymers that inhibit adhesion. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 4 (1995) 191-197. Tao, L., Matheson, N.K. 1993. Carbohydrate Polymers. 20:269-277. Van der Mei, H.C., Meinders, J.M., and H.J. Busscher. The influence of ionic strength and pH on diffusion of micro-organisms with different structural surface features. Microbiology 140 (1994) 3413-3419.