Medieval and Colonial Technology

• The Industrial World - cultures bringing toolkits to the new world
• Medieval and Colonial Agriculture
• Owning land in medieval europe vs. colonial america
• What did your grandfather do? Surnames and industry
• Recycling in Colonial America: Pewter
• Printing at Ephrata Cloister [PDF]

Medieval and Colonial Society

• The Company Store - or Living on credit in the Colonies
• Syncing up and Separating: putting the Colonial Period in a medieval context
• Of Mills and Chairs - craftsmen in the early colonies
• The Lives of Pre-Industrial Workers:
   the Nature of  Work, its Rewards, and Success
• Localness of medieval and colonial life
• Ironworks and the American Revolution
• Medieval Manors vs. Colonial Plantations

Mills and Milling

• How does a watermill work? - the three types of watermills
• MIlls in Colonial Pennsylvania
• The Mill in the Bible
• The Bethlehem Waterworks
• The Miller's Tale (not Chaucer)
• The watermill at a blast furnace
• The Vertical Waterwheel (Bethlehem, PA)
• The Baker
• Oil Mill Industries in Bethlehem
• The Colonial Mill [PDF]
• MIllstone Prices in 1848 [PDF]
• On the best angle for windmill sails (1809) [PDF]

Essays on Smiths (Historic Bethlehem)

• The Blacksmith
  • Blacksmith's Tools
  • Early Blacksmiths of Bethlehem
  • The Smithy Reconstruction
  • The working world of the blacksmith
  • Colonial wood and water
• Grist milling in Bethlehem
• The Locksmith in Bethlehem

Perfection in the Mechanical Arts

Iron and Foundries [a cautionary note]

• Forge, Furnace, What’s the Difference?
• What goes on in an iron furnace?
• Where Do Little Pig Irons Come From?
• How to get a furnace started - blowing in
• Working at an iron furnace
• The watermill at a blast furnace

Medieval

• The Rise and Fall of Medieval Iron Technology
• Bad metal in a fight - Metals and swords of the Vikings
• Swords into plough shares - Viking military and agricultural iron

Colonial

• Beginnings of Iron in the American Colonies
• How to Make Charcoal in the Colonies
• Colonial iron plantations
• To Market, to Market, But How?