The Saugus Iron Works, in Saugus, Mass. (about 20 miles north of Boston)	Braintree Furnace, Saugus, Mass.

The Blast Furnace

Saugus' blast furnace was powered by a large overshot waterwheel to pump the bellows. Above you can see a scale model showing the waterwheel under the charging bridge and then from the other side of the furnace, the bellows underneath the sloping shed roof.

To the right, a view from the charging bridge today, looking down on the waterwheel of the furnace, and with a view of the waterwheels of the forge in the distance.

Here two views of the furnace's tapping arch, where the molten iron was tapped from the furnace onto the hearth. At left is a view of the arch today and to the right in a diorama as it would have appeared back when the hearth was functioning.

The Saugus furnace worked like all medieval and early modern furnaces - loads of iron ore, charcoal, and often a calcium-based flux (crushed limestone or oyster shells were common) were alternately poured in the top of the stack. As the charcoal burned, urged on on by the bellows (the modern frame of which is being rebuilt at right), the furnace temperature rose to over 1400°C and the iron melted and flowed to the bottom.

To the right, you can see the giant axle of the waterwheel whose cams (the small wooden protrusion seen here on top) rotated around, massaging the back end of the bellows. The cam arrangement can also be seen driving the massive triphammers in the forge below.

The Forge, like the Furnace, was powered with waterwheels. In this case, there were four - two per side, that powered bellows and large triphammers inside the building.

• Above you can see an overall view of the forge in a diorama in the visitor's center, with triphammers at the right and forge hearths for reheating the iron.
• In the center, a closeup of the diorama showing the size of the triphammer (the inclined beam about to fall and forge the iron the man holds on the anvil below) and the massive camshaft behind that is attached to the waterwheel (outside the building to the left) that lifts the hammer for each blow.
• On the right you can see the two waterwheels at the Forge in the background -- the two water wheels (one overshot, on the left) and one undershot (on the right) powered the two triphammers inside the building.

Here are a number of pictures of the four waterwheels that power the forge. The two overshot wheels at right power the bellows that pump air into the hearths, allowing the pig iron from the furnace to be reheated for hammering.

These two images (left and center) are of the waterwheels that power the triphammers. Notice that even though they power similar hammers inside the building, they are of completely different design. The uphill (rear) one is a typical overshot wheel where water falls from the sluice above, over the top of the wheel, turning it clockwise (when viewed from the end). In the center image, you can see a close-up of the lower wheel, which is of undershot type. Water runs down the chute from the sluice and the extended paddles of the wheel are pushed by its velocity rather than weight (as with the overshot), turning the wheel counterclockwise (again, viewed from the end). Both methods are sufficient to accomplish the same goal of turning the camshafts for the triphammers.

The reason the Saugus builders used different methods is that inside the building, the two forges and anvils are set in mirror-image fashion, so for the triphammers, the two camshafts need to turn in alternate directions. For the bellows on the forge hearths, the two shafts from the overshot wheels also need to turn in opposite directions, but as you can see from the photo on the right, this is accomplished by having the water fall over one wheel from the uphill side and the other from the downhill side. If nothing else, these multiple solutions to simple problems show the ingenuity of Colonial millwrights.

At left you can see the original hammerhead (on a modern wooden shaft) in the museum. The head, which weighs 550lbs., was recovered in the archaeological excavations on the site in the 1950s.

Center and right, closeups of the cams (on the bellows at the Furnace, above, and the bellows in the Forge, right), showing how, as the camshafts rotate and press down on on the tail of the bellows, they pump typically twice per revolution.

Once the furnace had made its pig iron, and the forge had 'fined' it into wrought iron, it was forged into bars and then ready to be sent to blacksmiths for whatever purpose they needed.

The owners of the Saugus Iron Works also saw a profitable market in making nails and consequently built a Rolling and Slitting Mill to turn the bar iron into small iron strips, which were suitable for individual sale or which could be made into nails with very little effort by any local blacksmith.

The slitting wheels as excavated in the 1950s, with a bar of iron partially fed through the cutters. The two wheels interlock like your fingers, splitting the flat bar into 6 individual strips, and pushing alternating ones in each direction.	The reconstructed slitting mechanism. The red hot iron (heated in a smaller furnace at the back of the building) would be fed through the slot in the iron plate and through the rollers.

The Rolling Mill was powered by one pitchback waterwheel - this is a overshot-like wheel where the water does not flow over the top of the wheel, but hits it on the near side near the top, but then flows back, turning the wheel in this case, clockwise.	Looking over the top of the slitting rollers, you can see a large cogwheel that takes the power of the waterhweel shaft to run the rollers connecting to the large wallower that runs the feed rollers.

Here is the large wallower (or lantern-pinion) driven by the cogwheel. This wheel drives the rollers that roll the strip iron into the cutters.